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Thamnophis sirtalis (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesThamnophis sirtalis annectens BROWN 1950
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (HALLOWELL 1852)
Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis (BAIRD & GIRARD 1853)
Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi FOX 1951
Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (BLAINVILLE 1835)
Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus ALLEN 1899
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (SAY 1823)
Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii (BAIRD & GIRARD 1853)
Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus COPE 1892
Thamnophis sirtalis similis ROSSMAN 1965
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (LINNAEUS 1758)
Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia (COPE in YARROW 1875) 
Common NamesE: Common Garter Snake
annectens: Texas Garter Snake
concinnus: Red-spotted Garter Snake
dorsalis: New Mexico Garter Snake
fitchi: Valley Garter Snake
infernalis: California Red-sided Garter Snake
pallidulus: Maritime Garter Snake
parietalis: Red-sided Garter Snake
pickeringii: Puget Sound Garter Snake
similis: Bluestripe Garter Snake
sirtalis: Eastern Garter Snake
semifasciatus: Chicago Gartersnake
tetrataenia: San Francisco Garter Snake
G: Gewöhnliche Strumpfbandnatter
S: Jarretera Comün 
SynonymColuber Sirtalis LINNAEUS 1758: 222
Coluber ordinatus LINNAEUS 1766: 379
Tropidonotus concinnus HALLOWELL 1852
Eutainia sirtalis BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 27
Eutainia dorsalis BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 31
Eutainia infernalis — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 26
Eutainia Pickeringii — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 27
Eutainia concinna — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 146
Tropidonotus bi-punctatus — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 582
Eutaenia sirtalis obscura COPE in WHEELER 1875: 546
Tropidonotus sirtalis — GARMAN 1884: 23
Eutanaeia [sic] sirtalis — SHARP 1890: 149
Eutaenia sirtalis — COPE 1893: 183
Eutaenia sirtalis — BROWN 1899: 421
Tropidonotus ordinatus var. sirtalis — DE GRIJS 1899: 396 (?)
Tammophis sirtalis — REAGAN 1908 (in error)
Thamnophis sirtalis — FITCH 1982
Thamnophis sirtalis — STEBBINS 1985: 199
Thamnophis sirtalis — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 165
Thamnophis sirtalis — LINER 1994
Thamnophis sirtalis — CROTHER et al. 2012
Thamnophis sirtalis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 726

Thamnophis sirtalis annectens BROWN 1950
Thamnophis sirtalis annectens BROWN 1950: 203
Thamnophis sirtalis annectens — FITCH 1980
Thamnophis sirtalis annectens — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis annectens — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 100
Thamnophis sirtalis annectens — CROTHER et al. 2012

Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (HALLOWELL 1852)
Tropidonotus concinnus HALLOWELL 1852: 182
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus — FITCH 1936
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus — FITCH 1980
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus — SCHMIDT & KUNZ 2005: 114
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus — GRÜBNER 2006
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus — HALLMEN 2009
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus — CROTHER et al. 2012
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus — HALLMEN 2013

Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis (BAIRD & GIRARD 1853)
Eutaenia dorsalis BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 31
Thamnophis dorsalis — MCDIARMID 1963
Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis — FITCH 1980
Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis — TANNER 1985: 658
Thamnophis sirtalis lowei TANNER 1988 (fide ROSSMAN 1996: 39)
Thamnophis dorsalis — CASTRO-FRANCO & BUSTOS-ZAGAL 1994
Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis dorsalis — CROTHER et al. 2012

Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi FOX 1951
Eutaenia infernalis GIRARD 1858:148 (part.)
Tropidonotus ordinatus var. infernalis — BOULENGER 1893:207 (part.)
Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi FOX 1951
Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi — GRÜBNER 2006
Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi — CROTHER et al. 2012

Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (BLAINVILLE 1835)
Coluber infemalis BLAINVILLE 1835: 291
Tropidonotus ordinatus var. infernalis — BOULENGER 1893: 207
Thamnophis infernalis — STEJNEGER 1893: 210
Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis — VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1918: 198
Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis — GRÜBNER 2006
Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis — CROTHER et al. 2012

Thamnophis sirtalis lowei TANNER 1988

Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus ALLEN 1899
Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus ALLEN 1899: 63
Tropidonotus obalskii MOCQUARD 1903: 211
Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 94
Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus — CROTHER et al. 2012

Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (SAY 1823)
Coluber parietalis SAY 1823: 186
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — BURT 1935
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — GRANT 1937
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — SMITH 1942: 114
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — ALEKSIUK 1975
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — STRATHEMANN 1995
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 98
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — SCHMIDT & KUNZ 2005
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — HALLMEN 2007
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — CROTHER et al. 2012
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis — LILLYWHITE 2014: 105

Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii (BAIRD & GIRARD 1853)
Eutainia pickeringii BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 27
Eutaenia pickeringii — GIRARD 1858: 150
Eutainia sirtalis trilineata COPE 1892: 665
Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringii — COPE 1892: 665
Thamnophis parietalis pickeringii — VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1918: 204
Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii — FITCH 1941: 575
Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii — GRÜBNER 2006
Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii — CROTHER et al. 2012

Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus (COPE 1892)
Eutaenia sirtalis seniifasciata COPE 1892: 662
Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus — STRATHEMANN 1995
Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus — STRATHEMANN 1997
Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 97
Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus — HALLMEN 2009
Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus — CROTHER et al. 2012

Thamnophis sirtalis similis ROSSMAN 1965
Thamnophis sirtalis similis — MEHRTENS 1987: 170
Thamnophis sirtalis similis — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis similis — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 96
Thamnophis sirtalis similis — CROTHER et al. 2012
Thamnophis sirtalis similis — LILLYWHITE 2014: 30

Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (LINNAEUS 1758)
Coluber sirtalis LINNAEUS 1758: 222
Coluber ordinatus LINNAEUS 1766: 379
Coluber taenia SCHOEPF 1788: 496
Coluber ibibe DAUDIN 1803: 181
Tropidonotus ordinatus — BOIE 1827: 535
Tropidonotus bipunctatus SCHLEGEL 1837: 320
Tropidonotus taenia — DEKAY 1842: 43
Tropidonotus sirtalis — HOLBROOK 1842: 41
Eutaenia sirtalis obscura COPE in YARROW 1875: 546
Eutaenia sirtalis melanota HIGLEY 1889: 163
Eutaenia sirtalis graminea COPE 1889: 163
Tropidonotus ordinatus var. sirtalis — BOULENGER 1893: 206
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis — STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1917: 103
Natrix sirtalis sirtalis — LAZELL 1976: 221
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis — STRATHEMANN 1995
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 93
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis — HALLMEN 2007
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis — CROTHER et al. 2012

Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia (COPE in YARROW 1875)
Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia — MEHRTENS 1987: 153
Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia — SCHMIDT & KUNZ 2005
Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia — HALLMEN 2007
Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia — CROTHER et al. 2012 
DistributionS Canada (incl. Northwest Territories, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Ontario, Prince Edward Island),
USA (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, West Virginia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, NW Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, New Mexico, North Carolina, North-Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, N Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West-Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Mexico, Bahamas [Buckner & Franz 1998]

annectens: USA (EC Texas; disjunct population in SW Kansas., adjacent Oklahoma ?, and Texas panhandle); Type locality: Type locality, "a small branch of Boggy Creek, one mile east of Austin, Travis County, Texas."

concinnus: USA (Washington, Oregon); Type locality: Type locality, "Oregon," probably in lower Willamette Valley near Oregon City (Fitch, 1941:580).

dorsalis: USA (Rio Grand Valley from NC New Mexico south to vicinity of El Paso, W Texas; disjunct populations in NE New Mexico); Mexico (Morelos ?, Chihuahua); Type locality: see comment.

fitchi: USA (California, Oregon, Idaho, Utah); Type locality: "Gray-lodge Refuge, 9 mi W of Gridley, Butte Co., California."

infernalis: USA (California); Type locality: "California."

lowei (invalid): Mexico (Chihuahua); Type locality: “Yepómera, Chihuahua, Mexico.”

pallidulus: Canada (S Quebec, from the eastern shore of James Bay to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia), USA (New England to extreme NE Massachusetts)

parietalis: Canada (S Alberta and Manitoba); USA (E Nevada, S Idaho, S through central New Mexico, lowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, Missouri westward to Utah, N Texas); Mexico (N Chihuahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas); Type locality: Stone quarry on west side of Missouri River, 3 miles above the mouth of Boyers River.

pickeringii: USA (Washington); Type locality: "Puget Sound, Washington."

semifasciatus: USA (NE Illinois, adjacent portions of Indiana and Wisconsin); Type locality: "Aux Plaines [=Des Plaines], Illinois."

similis: USA (W Florida from Wakulla Co. to the Tithlacoochee R.)

sirtalis: S Canada (Ontario, Quebec), through USA, Gulf of Mexico, Alabama, west to Minnesota and SE Texas; Type locality: “Canada”; Quebec County, Quebec [neotype]

tetrataenia: USA (California); Type locality, "Pitt [Pit] River, California"  
Reproductionovoviviparous, viviparous. 
TypesNeotype: FMNH 73660, designated by Schmidt and Conant
(1956-1957); holotype originally in ANSP, without catalog number, now lost fide Wallach et al. 2014.
Holotype: ANSP 6324 [concinnus]
Holotype: MVZ 51778 (adult female) [fitchi]
Holotype: Baylor University (Bryce C Brown collection) 3038, adult male [annectens]
Syntype: USNM 936; Cochran (1961) considered USNM 936a to be the holotype and USNM 936b to be the paratype [pickeringii]
Holotype: BCB (Baylor Univ. Strecker Museum) 3038, adult male, collector Bryce C. Brown, 24 February 1946 [annectens]
Holotype: lost, was USNM, adult male, collector General S. Churchill, specimen evidently lost according to Doris M. Cochran (pers. comm., 1950 fide Fitch 1980); not listed in Cochran 1961 [dorsalis]
Neotype: CAS 39197, designated by Barry and Jennings, 1998; holotype possibly extant as MNHN-RA 0846, collector P. E. Botta [infernalis]
Holotype: UAZ 34879, adult female, collected 1972 by T.R. Van Devender. [lowei]
Syntype: USNM 974 [Eutaenia sirtalis obscura]
Syntypes: USNM 26381- 26383 [pallidulus]
Holotype: lost fide Fitch 1980, immature male, collected by Thomas Say in 1819 [parietalis]
Syntypes: USNM 8070, 1051, collector R. W. Kennicott [semifasciatus]
Holotype: UF (Univ. Florida Collections) 15962, adult male, collector W. J. Riemer, 10 April 1960 [similis]
Lectotype: USNM 21384 designated by Fitch (1941:585); 2 syntypes, USNM 866, renumbered 21383, 21384. [tetrataenia]
Syntypes: USNM 5493 etc. [Eutaenia sirtalis trilineata] 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy: Rossman 1996 listed Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia as a synonym of Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis but later authors maintained tetrataenia.

Types: Boundy and Rossman (1995) found that the holotype of infernalis is a specimen of tetrataenia, and proposed replacement of the latter name with the older name infernalis, for San Francisco Gartersnake. It is possible that the holotype of T. s. infernalis is a specimen of T. s. tetrataenia, formally rendering the name tetrataenia a junior synonym of infernalis. It is proposed that the holotype of infernalis be set aside and a neotype designated in accord with accustomed usage [from BARRY 1998].

Genome: The genome of this species has been sequenced (Perry et al. 2018). A trio, sequenced by Bergeron et al. 2023 showed that T. sirtalis has one of the highest mutation rates among vertebrates.

Subspecies and variation: Benton (1980) found that T. s. semifasciata has no constant distinguishing features and considers it as taxonomically invalid. Boundy and Rossman (1995) referred to concinnus the populations formerly referred to as infernalis on the basis of color pattern similarities. Mooi et al. (2011) found erythristic and melanistic variants in this spcies, and extreme intrapopulational variation, suggesting that subspecies of T. sirtalis based on color are of questionable.

Taxonomy: Barry et al. (1996) have petitioned the ICZN to suppress the changes proposed by Boundy and Rossman. Benton (1980) synonymized semifasciatus with the nominate race (cited from CROTHER 2000).

Ecology and evolution. T. sirtalis feeds on rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) which are among the most poisonous TTX-producing animals. In some populations, individual newts possess enough TTX to kill several adult humans. Variation in newt toxicity is driven in part by the evolution of TTX resistance in T. sirtalis, as TTX toxicity and resistance in newts and snakes are strongly correlated geographically, suggesting that these two phenotypes are coevolving (Brodie et al., 2005; Hanifin, 2010; Hanifin et al., 1999, Vaelli et al. 2020, DOI: 10.7554/eLife.53898).

Barry (1998) proposed “... to conserve the usage of the subspecific names of Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (Blainville, 1835) for the California red-sided garter snake (family COLUBRIDAE) which is found along the Californian coast, and of T. s. tetrataenia (Cope in Yarrow, 1875) for the San Francisco garter snake from the restricted area of the San Francisco Peninsula.

Behavior: While most Thamnophis are diurnal, T. sirtalis is at least partially nocturnal, e.g. during hot weather (Rossman et al. 1996).

Distribution: not in Jalisco fide CRUZ-SÁENZ et al. 2017. Not in Coahuila, despite the type locality says "between Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico and the Rio Grande," perhaps in error for Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico. See also Lazcano et al 2019. Possibly in Morelos but not confirmed (Lemos-Espinal 2020). 
EtymologyNamed after the New Latin "siratalis" (like a garter), a reference to the snake's color pattern resembling a striped garter strap (Wikipedia). 
References
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  • Wheeler 1875. Expl. Surv. W. 100th Mer., part 5: 546. Westport, New York
  • Whittier, J.M. & D. Crews 1990. Body Mass and Reproduction in Female Red-Sided Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Herpetologica 46 (2): 219-226. - get paper here
  • Wilgers, D.J.; Horne, E.A.; Sandercock, B.K. & Volkmann, A.W. 2006. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the Tall-grass Prairie [Flint Hills, Kansas/Oklahoma]. Herpetologica 62 (4): 378-388 - get paper here
  • Wiliams, Jennie, Jason Langshaw and Sean P. Graham. 2013. Ambystoma maculatum (Jefferson salamander) predation by Thamnophis sirtalis. Herpetological Review 44 (4): 650 - get paper here
  • Williams, B.L. et al. 2003. Coevolution of deadly toxins and predator resistance: self-assessment of resistance by garter snakes leads to behavioral rejection of toxic newt prey. Herpetologica 59 (2): 155-163 - get paper here
  • Williams, B.L., E.D. Brodie, Jr. & E.D. Brodie III 2002. Comparisons between Toxic Effects of Tetrodotoxin Administered Orally and by Intraperitoneal Injection to the Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis Journal of Herpetology 36 (1): 112-115. - get paper here
  • Williams, M. & Foster, N. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis sirtalis (common gartersnake). Herpetological Review 43: 450 - get paper here
  • Wolf, M.;Werner, Y.L. 1994. The striped colour pattern and striped/non-striped polymorphism in snakes (Reptilia: Ophidia). Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 69 (4): 599-610 - get paper here
  • Zacho CM, Bager MA, Margaryan A, Gravlund P, Galatius A, Rasmussen AR, et al. 2021. Uncovering the genomic and metagenomic research potential in old ethanol-preserved snakes. PLoS ONE 16(8): e0256353 - get paper here
  • Zehr, D.R. 1962. Stages in the normal development of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis Copeia 1962 (2): 322-329. - get paper here
  • Zweifel, Richard G. 1998. Apparent non-mendelian inheritance of melanism in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Herpetologica 54 (1): 83-87 - get paper here
 
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