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Thamnophis fulvus (BOCOURT, 1893)

IUCN Red List - Thamnophis fulvus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Highland Garter Snake
G: Guatemala-Strumpfbandnatter
S: Jarretera de Los Altos Mesoamericanos 
SynonymEutaenia cyrtopsis var. fulvus BOCOURT 1893: 777
Thamnophis sumichrasti cerebrosus SMITH 1942: 111
Thamnophis sumichrasti fulvus — SMITH 1942: 112
Thamnophis sumichrasti salvini SMITH, NIXON & SMITH 1950: 579
Thamnophis cyrtopsis fulvus — ROSSMAN 1965: 243
Thamnophis cyrtopsis — STUART 1963
Thamnophis cyrtopsis fulvus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 302
Thamnophis fulvus — VILLA et al. 1988
Thamnophis fulvus — LINER 1994
Thamnophis fulvus — LINER 2007
Thamnophis fulvus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 722 
DistributionSE Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras (elevation 1680-2020 m), El Salvador

Has been found in 3000 m elevation or higher.

Type locality: Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesHolotype: MNHN-RA 1894.0094
Holotype: BMNH 1869.2.22.3 [salvini]
Holotype: USNM 12734 [Thamnophis sumichrasti cerebrosus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: “Dorsal scales usually in a maximum of 19 rows; supralabials usually 8 (occasionally 7); maxillary teeth 27 to 31; the dorsum olive-brown with 2 alternating rows of relatively indis- tinct black spots between the stripes; the vertebral stripe confined to the vertebral row and often indistinct or absent except on neck; the lateral stripe confined to dorsal scale rows 2 and 3 and often indistinct; tongue uniformly black.” (Rossman 1996: 183) 
CommentSynonymy partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970.

Diet: amphibians. 
Etymologythe Latin noun fulvus, means "tawny, reddish yellow". 
References
  • Bocourt, M. E. 1873. In: A. Duméril, M. F. Bocourt, and F. Mocquard, (1870-1909), Etudes sur les reptiles, p. i-xiv; In Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'Histoire de Ia Faune de l'Amérique Centrale et du Mexique. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Ce Imprimerie Impériale, Paris, Livr. 2-15, pp. 33-860. - get paper here
  • Bourguignon, T. 2002. Strumpfbandnattern: Herkunft - Pflege - Arten. E. Ulmer Verlag, 125 pp.
  • Burbrink FT, Futterman I. 2019. Female‐ biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's rule. Ecol Evol. 00:1–10
  • Eisermann, Knut, Claudia Avendaño, Manuel Acevedo and Esteban Matías. 2016. Elevational range extension and new habitat for Thamnophis fulvus (Bocourt, 1893) (Squamata: Natricidae). Guatemala, Huehuetenango. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(4): 1094–1097 - get paper here
  • Grübner, D. 2006. Die seltener beobachteten Strumpfbandnattern. Draco 6 (25): 66-76 - get paper here
  • Guerra Centeno, Dennis; Héctor Fuentes Rousselin & David Morán Villatoro 2012. Serpientes de Guatemala: Guía para didentificación de especies. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 186 pp.
  • HALLAS, JOSHUA M.; THOMAS L. PARCHMAN & CHRIS R. FELDMAN. 2021. Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107374. [2022 in print] - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. & Chlebowy, J. 2001. Strumpfbandnattern. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 192 pp. - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. & Grübner, D. 2006. Überblick über die Gattung Thamnophis. Draco 6 (25): 6-24 - get paper here
  • Heimes, P. 2016. Snakes of Mexico. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 572 pp
  • Hidalgo, H. N. 1981. Additions to the snake fauna of El Salvador. Herpetological Review 12:67-68 - get paper here
  • Johnson, Jerry D.; Vicente Mata-Silva, Elí García Padilla, and Larry David Wilson 2015. The Herpetofauna of Chiapas, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (3): 272–329. - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 2008. Reptiles of Central America. 2nd Ed. Herpeton-Verlag, 400 pp.
  • Liner, Ernest A. 2007. A CHECKLIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF MEXICO. Louisiana State University Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science 80: 1-60 - get paper here
  • McCranie J R 2011. The snakes of Honduras. SSAR, Salt Lake City, 725 pp.
  • McCranie, James R. 2015. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed. Zootaxa 3931 (3): 352–386 - get paper here
  • Queiroz, Alan de; Robin Lawson and Julio A. Lemos-Espinal 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of North American Garter Snakes (Thamnophis) Based on Four Mitochondrial Genes: How Much DNA Sequence Is Enough? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 315-329 - get paper here
  • Rossman, Douglas A. 1965. Identity and relationships of the Mexican garter snake Thamnophis sumichrasti (Cope). Copeia 1965 (2): 242-244 - get paper here
  • Rossman, Douglas A.; Ford, Neil B. & Seigel, Richard A. 1996. The Garter Snakes: Evolution and Ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, xx + 332 + pp.
  • Sleijpen, Fons 2013. Picture: Thamnophis fulvus, pasgeboren. Litteratura Serpentium 33 (4): 332-333 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M. 1942. The synonymy of the garter snakes (Thamnophis), with notes on Mexican and Central American species. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society 27 (3 and 4): 97-123 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M.; Nixon, C. William; Smith, Philip W. 1950. Mexican and Central American garter snakes (Thamnophis) in the British Museum (Natural History). Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 41 (282): 571-584 - get paper here
  • Solís, J. M., L. D. Wilson, and J. H. Townsend. 2014. An updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with comments on their nomenclature. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 123–144 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Webb, R. G. 1982. Taxonomic status of some neotropical garter snakes (Genus Thamnophis). Bull. So. California Acad. Sci. 81: 26-40. - get paper here
  • Wilson, L. D., & MEYER, J. R. 1985. The Snakes of Honduras. 2d ed. Milwaukee Publ. Mus. Contrib. Biol. & Geol. No. 6, 150 pp. - get paper here
  • Wilson, L.D. & McCranie, J.R. 2003. The herpetofauna of the cloud forests of Honduras. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 3 (1): 34-48 - get paper here
 
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