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Pituophis melanoleucus (DAUDIN, 1803)

IUCN Red List - Pituophis melanoleucus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Lampropeltini, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesPituophis melanoleucus lodingi BLANCHARD 1924
Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus (DAUDIN 1803)
Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus BARBOUR 1921 
Common NamesE: Eastern Pine Snake
lodingi: Black Pine Snake
melanoleucus: Northern Pine Snake
mugitus: Florida Pine Snake; G: Florida-Kiefernnatter
G: Bullennatter 
SynonymColuber melanoleucus DAUDIN 1803: 188
Pituophis melanoleucus — HOLBROOK 1842: 7
Churchillia bellona BAIRD & GIRARD 1852: 70
Pituophis bellona — BAIRD & GIRARD 1852: 351
Pituophis melanoleucus — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 65
Rhinechis melanoleucus — DUMÉRIL 1853: 453
Pituophis melanoleucus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 233
Pityophis melanoleucus — GARMAN 1884: 51
Pityophis catenifer var. bellona — GARMAN 1884: 53
Pityophis melanoleucus — SCLATER 1891: 30
Coluber melanoleucus — BOULENGER 1894: 68
Pituophis melanoleucus — STULL 1940
Pituophis melanoleucus — SMITH & SMITH 1976
Pituophis melanoleucus — STEBBINS 1985: 189
Pituophis melanoleucus — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 202
Pituophis melanoleuca — BLUME 1999
Pituophis melanoleucus — ERNST & ERNST 2003: 280
Pituophis melanoleucus — BURBRINK 2007
Pituophis melanoleucus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 559

Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi BLANCHARD 1924
Pituophis lödingi BLANCHARD 1924
Pituophis melanoleucus loedingi — STULL 1940: 79
Pituophis melanoleucus loedingi — KLUGE 1984
Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi — CROTHER 2000
Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 364
Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi — BAXLEY et al. 2011
Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi — SCHÄBERLE 2012

Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus (DAUDIN 1803)
Coluber melanoleucus DAUDIN 1803: 188
Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus — STULL 1940
Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 360
Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus — CROTHER 2000
Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus — GUYER et al. 2018

Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus BARBOUR 1921
Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus — STULL 1940
Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus — CROTHER 2000
Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 363
Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus — HIRSCHKORN & SKUBOWIUS 2011
Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus — GUYER et al. 2018 
DistributionUSA (Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, New Jersey)

melanoleucus: USA (Virginia, S North Carolina west through South Carolina to northern Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, south into Alabama. Disjunct populations in S New Jersey, WC Virginia, adjacent West Virginia, C Kentucky, SW Tennessee). Intergrades with mugitus in South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Type locality: "la Caroline méridionale et de la Floríde." Restricted to Carolina by Barbour, 1921b: 117. Further restricted to Charleston, South Carolina, USA by Schmidt, 1953a: 201.

mugitus: USA (S South Carolina to Georgia and S Florida, extreme E and S Alabama); Type locality: Palm Beach, Florida, 26.705639° -80.036419° (WGS84), Error: 8000 m.

lodingi: USA (SW Alabama to E Louisiana, NW Florida). Type locality: Alabama, Mobile, between Irvington and Grand Bay.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: nondesignated, present location unknown.
Holotype: UMMZ 58800 [lodingi]
Holotype: MCZ R-15525 [mugitus]
Holotype: USNM 1519 [Churchillia bellona] 
Diagnosis 
CommentSubspecies: Pituophis melanoleucus annectens, P. m. sayi, and other subspecies have been transferred to P. catenifer. Not listed in LINER 1994. Nikolakis et al. 2021 find that the current subspecies do not appear to represent independent lineages, but, rather, show a significant amount of admixture across the entire P. melanoleucus range. Khakurel et al. 2023 do not find the traditionally recognized subspecies to be monophyletic and speculate that there may be as many as 8 different clades.

Distribution: map for subspecies in Rodríguez-Robles & De Jesús-Escobar (2000). These authors also found that two segments of the melanoleucus complex, the lodingi–melanoleucus–mugitus eastern pinesnake clade and the affinis–annectens–bimaris–catenifer–deserticola–sayi–ruthveni–vertebralis clade from central and western United States and northern Mexico, represent divergent, allopatric lineages with no known intergradation zone. Rodríguez-Robles & De Jesús-Escobar recognize each of these two groupings as a different species (see P. catenifer). Not in Mexico (Heimes 2016). See map in Khakurel et al. 2023: Fig. 1.

Type species: Coluber melanoleucus DAUDIN 1803: 188 is the type species of the genus Pituophis HOLBROOK 1842.

Phylogenetics: see Dahn et al. 2018 for a phylogeny of Lampropeltini. 
EtymologyThe generic name was derived from the Greek words pitys, meaning "pine" and ophis, meaning "snake." 
References
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