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Philothamnus carinatus (ANDERSSON, 1901)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Thirteen-scaled Green Snake 
SynonymChlorophis carinatus ANDERSSON 1901: 9
Philothamnus nigrofasciatus BUCHHOLZ & PETERS 1875: 199
Chlorophis carinatus — STERNFELD 1917
Chlorophis carinatus — SCHMIDT 1923: 74
Chlorophis carinatus — LOVERIDGE 1936
Philothamnus heterodermus carinatus — LOVERIDGE 1951
Philothamnus heterodermus carinatus — LOVERIDGE 1957: 260
Philothamnus heterodermus carinatus — LOVERIDGE 1958: 60
Philothamnus heterodermus carinatus — PITMAN 1974
Philothamnus carinatus — HUGHES 1985
Philothamnus carinatus — BROADLEY 1998
Philothamnus carinatus — PAUWELS et al. 2004
Philothamnus carinatus — TRAPE & BALDÉ 2014
Philothamnus carinatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 554
Philothamnus carinatus — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 487
Philothamnus carinatus — PAUWELS & COLYN 2023 
DistributionGuinea-Bissau east to W Kenya and W Tanzania (Kigoma district); Central African Republic, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Togo, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, Republic of South Sudan (RSS), Equatorial Guinea

Type locality: Mpanja, British Cameroon.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: NRM (= NHRM) 1972, a 700 mm female, 1973, a 595 mm male, 1974, an 815 mm female, 1975, a 300 mm male, and 1976, a 580 mm (SVL) female (Knutson and Valdau (4), 1885, and Knöppel (1), 1886).
Holotype: ZMB 8320, TL: Cameron [Philothamnus nigrofasciatus] 
Diagnosis 
CommentHabitat: rain forest, fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018)

LOVERIDGE 1958 considered Philothamnus nigrofasciatus as a synonym of P. (semivariegatus) nitidus. Hughes 1977 proposed to use carinatus, which as priority over nigrofasciatus.

Distribution: For a map with localities in Equatorial Guinea see SÁNCHEZ-VIALAS et al. 2022.

P. carinatus was split into two species, P. carinatus s.l. and P. chifunderai, by Greenbaum et al. 2023. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “carinatus” = keeled (like a ship). 
References
  • Andersson, L.G. 1901. Some new species of snakes from Cameroon and South America, belonging to the collections of the Royal Museum in Stockholm. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar 27 (4): 1-26 - get paper here
  • Badjedjea, G., Akuboy, J. B., Colyn, M., & Pauwels, O. S. 2023. Reptile Fauna of Kungulu and Mbiye Islands, Upper Congo River: Current Knowledge and New Records. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 58(1), 1-11 - get paper here
  • Böhme, Wolfgang, Mark-Oliver Rödel, Christian Brede & Philipp Wagner 2011. The reptiles (Testudines, Squamata, Crocodylia) of the forested southeast of the Republic Guinea (Guinée forestière), with a country-wide checklist. Bonn zoological Bulletin 60 (1): 35-61 - get paper here
  • Böhme, Wolfgang; Eberhard Fischer & Harald Hinkel 2023. Reptilien aus dem Irangi Forest, Provinz Kivu-Süd, Demokratische Republik Kongo. Sauria 45 (4): 29
  • Broadley, D. G. & HOWELL, K. M. 1991. A check list of the reptiles of Tanzania, with synoptic keys. Syntarsus 1: 1—70
  • Broadley, D.G. 1998. The reptilian fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa). In: Schmidt, K.P. and Noble, G.K., Contributions to the Herpetology of the Belgian Congo... [reprint of the 1919 and 1923 papers]. SSAR Facsimile reprints in Herpetology, 780 pp.
  • Broadley, Donald G. 2002. Geographic Distribution. Philothamnus carinatus Andersson, 1901. African Herp News (35): 22 - get paper here
  • Broadley, Donald G. and F. P. D. Cotterill. 2004. The reptiles of southeast Katanga, an overlooked 'hot spot'. [Congo]. African Journal of Herpetology 53 (1): 35-61. - get paper here
  • Burger, M.; Branch, W.R. & Channing, A. 2004. Amphibians and Reptiles of Monts Doudou, Gabon: Species Turnover Along an Elevational Gradient. California Academy of Sciences Memoir 28: 145–186
  • Carlino, P. & Pauwels, O.S.G. 2015. An Updated Reptile List of Ivindo National Park, the Herpetofaunal Hotspot of Gabon. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 50(3): 25-39 - get paper here
  • Chippaux, Jean-Philippe & Kate Jackson 2019. Snakes of Central and Western Africa. Johns Hopkins University Press, 448 pp. [detaileld review in HR 51 (1): 161] - get paper here
  • Chirio, L. & Lebreton, M. 2007. Atlas des reptiles du Cameroun. MNHN, IRD, Paris 688 pp.
  • Engelbrecht, H.M., Branch, W.R., Greenbaum, E., Alexander, G.J., Jackson, K., Burger, M., Conradie, W., Kusamba, C., Zassi-Boulou, A-G., Tolley, K.A. 2018. Diversifying into the branches: species boundaries in African green and bush snakes, Philothamnus (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130: 357-365 - get paper here
  • Ernst R, Lautenschläger T, Branquima MF, Hölting M 2020. At the edge of extinction: a first herpetological assessment of the proposed Serra do Pingano Rainforest National Park in Uíge Province, northern Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 237-262 - get paper here
  • Greenbaum, Eli; Olivier S. G. Pauwels, Václav Gvoždík, Eugene R. Vaughan, Teslin Chaney, Michael Buontempo, Mwenebatu M. Aristote, Wandege M. Muninga & Hanlie M. Engelbrecht 2023. Systematics of the Thirteen-scaled Green Snake Philothamnus carinatus (Squamata: Colubridae), with the description of a cryptic new species from Central and East Africa,. African Journal of Herpetology,
  • Harrington, Sean M; Jordyn M de Haan, Lindsey Shapiro, Sara Ruane 2018. Habits and characteristics of arboreal snakes worldwide: arboreality constrains body size but does not affect lineage diversification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (1): 61–71 - get paper here
  • Hughes, B. 1977. Chlorophis carinatus Andersson, 1901, proposed nomenclatural precedence over Philothamnus nigrofasciatus Buchholz and Peters, 1875, its senior subjective synonym. (Reptilia; Colubridae) Z.N.(S) 2174. Bull. zool. Nomenclature 33 (3/4): 248-249 - get paper here
  • Hughes, B. 1985. Progress on a taxonomic revision of African green tree snakes (Philothamnus spp.). In: Schuchmann, K.L. (ed.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on African Vertebrates. ZFMK, Bonn, pp. 511-530
  • Jackson, K. & Blackburn, D.C. 2007. The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville). Salamandra 43 (3): 149-164 - get paper here
  • Jesus, J.; Nagy, Z.; Branch, W.; Wink, M.; Brehm, A. & Harris, D. J. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of African green snakes (genera Philothamnus and Hapsidophrys) from São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobon islands based on mtDNA sequences and comments on their colonization and taxonomy. The Herpetological Journal 19: 41-48 - get paper here
  • Loveridge, A. 1936. African reptiles and amphibians in the Field Museum of Natural History. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, 22 (1): 1-122 - get paper here
  • Loveridge,A. 1958. Revision of five african snake genera. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 119: 1-198 (141) - get paper here
  • Marques, Mariana P.; Luis M. P. Ceríaco , David C. Blackburn , and Aaron M. Bauer 2018. Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola -- Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840–2017). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 4) 65: 1-501 (Supplement II)
  • Pauwels O. S.G., Carlino P., Chirio L., Daversa D.R., Lips J., Oslisly Richard, Testa O. 2019. Amphibians and reptiles found in caves in Gabon, western Equatorial Africa. Cave and Karst Science, 46 (1): 3-12 - get paper here
  • Pauwels OSG, Morelle S, Albert J-L, Carlino P, Rahola N, Trape J-F. 2019. New reptile records from Lékédi Park and Haut-Ogooué Province, southeastern Gabon. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1) [General Section]: 143–161 (e174) - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O. S. G. B. Le Garff, I. Ineich, P. Carlino, I. Melcore, L. Boundenga, C. Vigna, T. Stévart, K. Jeffery, C. Orbell, J.-B. Squarcini, J. P. Vande weghe and L. J. T. White 2016. Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica V & VI. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 51: 177 - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O. S., & Colyn, M. 2023. On a Diverse Collection of Snakes from Amadjabe, Left Bank of the Congo River, Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 58(3), 34-47 - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O.S.G. & Vande Weghe, J.P. 2008. Les reptiles du Gabon. Smithsonian Institution, Washington: 272 pp. - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O.S.G., Albert, J.L.; Vande Weghe, G. & Gramentz, D. 2007. Neue Reptiliennachweise von Franceville, Südost-Gabun. Elaphe 15 (3): 63-66 - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O.S.G.; David, P. 2008. Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica I. Hamadryad 32 (1): 13 – 18 - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O.S.G.; Kamdem Toham, A. & Chimsunchart, C. 2002. Recherches sur l’herpétofaune du Massif du Chaillu, Gabon. Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique (Biologie) 72: 47-57 - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O.S.G.; William R. Branch and Marius Burger 2004. REPTILES OF LOANGO NATIONAL PARK, OGOOUÉ-MARITIME PROVINCE, SOUTH-WESTERN GABON. Hamadryad 29 (1): 115 – 127 - get paper here
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  • Segniagbeto GLazcano. H., Trape J. F., David P., Ohler A., Dubois A. & Glitho I. A. 2011. The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems. Zoosystema 33 (3): 325-360. DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4 - get paper here
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  • TRAPE, Jean-François; Barry HUGHES, Marcel COLLET & Oleg MEDIANNIKOV 2021. Phylogénie moléculaire des serpents du groupe Philothamnus heterodermus (Hallowell, 1857) (Squamata : Colubridae : Colubrinae) avec la description de deux espèces nouvelles. Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr. 179: 27-42 - get paper here
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