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Dibernardia affinis (GÜNTHER, 1858)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae, Echinantherini), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesPortuguese: Cobra-Cabeça-Preta, Cobra-de-Cabeça-Preta, Cobra-da-Terra, Cobra-do-Ventre-Dourado, Cobrinha-Cipó, Corre-Campo, Corredeira-do-Mato-Comum, Papa-Rã 
SynonymDromicus affinis GÜNTHER 1858 (part.)
Enicognathus melanocephalus DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 330 (part.)
Enicognathus melanocephalus — JAN 1866
R. [hadinaea] obtusa COPE 1868 (part.)
Coronella iheringii BOULENGER 1885: 194
Rhadinaea affinis — BOULENGER 1894 (part.)
Liophis affinis — AMARAL 1926
Rhadinaea affinis — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 263
Taeniophallus affinis — MYERS & CADLE 1994
Echinanthera affinis — DI BERNARDO 1996
Echinantera affinis — ROCHA et al. 2004 (in error)
Taeniophallus affinis — SCHARGEL et al. 2005
Echinanthera affinis — PONTES et al. 2008
Taeniophallus affinis — CONDEZ et al. 2009
Taeniophallus affinis — COSTA et al. 2010
Taeniophallus affinis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 696
Taeniophalus affinis — KLACZKO et al. 2016 (in error)
Taeniophallus cf. affinis — RONCOLATTO-ORTIZ et al. 2017
Taeniophallus affinis — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionS/SE Brazil (from SE Minas Gerais through Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina to NE Rio Grande do Sul; Bahia, Alagoas [HR 31: 187], Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba)

Type locality: State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by lectotype designation (Myers, 1974).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesTypes: BMNH 1946.1.4.32-34 (and possibly additional specimens). 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): “Dibernardia can be recognized by (1) usually seven supralabials, with 2nd touching the loreal and 3rd– 4th touching the orbit; (2) 17/17/17 dorsal scale rows without apical pits; (3) immaculate midventral portion of the body; (4) hemipenis unilobed, unicalyculate, and semicapitate, with an asulcate interspinal gap extending from the distal to the proximal region of the organ; in its most distal portion, it terminates as an abruptly cluster of several flaplike enlarged papillae (Schargel et al., 2005); (5) dorsolateral crests of the parietal bone inconspicuous in the region near the contact with the supraoccipital; (6) parabasisphenoid lateral crests inconspicuous (Figures 5H–K, 7B and Table 1).” (Abegg et al. 2022) 
CommentGroup: belongs to the “Rhadinaea brevirostris group” sensu Myers (1974). Dibernardia corresponds to the affinis group of Taeniophallus (sensu Schargel et al., 2005).

Diet: Amphisbaena mertensi was found in the stomach of E. affinis by BARBO & MARQUES (2003). 
EtymologyThe genus was named after the Brazilian herpetologist Marcos Di Bernardo (1963–2006). During his short and prolific career, he published several studies on the taxonomy of Echinantherini, including the revalidation of Echinanthera (Di-Bernardo, 1992) and the description of two species (Di-Bernardo, 1994, 1996). Abegg et al. honor Marcos Di Bernardo in recognition to his contributions to South American herpetology. The genus name is feminine. 
References
  • Abegg AD, Santos AP Jr, Costa HC, Battilana J, Graboski R, Vianna FSL, Azevedo WS, Fagundes NJR, Castille CM, Prado PC, Bonatto SL, Zaher H and Grazziotin FG 2022. Increasing taxon sampling suggests a complete taxonomic rearrangement in Echinantherini (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Front. Ecol. Evol. 10:969263 - get paper here
  • ANDRADE LIMA, J.H., DIAS, E.G., COSTA, R.D.L., SILVA, F.J., LIMA, E.S.M., SANTOS, E.M., KOKUBUM, M.N.C. 2021. Lizards and snakes of Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Matas do Siriji, an Atlantic Forest hotspot of the Pernambuco Endemism Center, Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica 21 (2): e20201106 - get paper here
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  • Argólo, António Jorge Suzart 1998. Geographic distribution. Echinanthera affinis. Herpetological Review 29 (3): 176 - get paper here
  • BARBO, F. E.; MARQUES, O. A. V. & SAWAYA, R. J. 2011. Diversity, Natural History and Distribution of Snakes in the Municipality of São Paulo. South American J. Herp. 6: 135-160
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